ELECTRA. Sófocles, Eurípides y nuestro tiempo
Descubrir la literatura como la narración del mundo tiene un efecto tranquilizador. Ir a los primeros textos como si nunca los hubieras leído y no sólo entenderlos, sino encontrar personajes que sienten y hablan como tú, que a pesar de vivir en un mundo organizado de distinta forma, comparten la misma inquietud y lo que tiene consecuencias horribles y lo que abre mundo también sigue siendo lo mismo. La lógica interna de nuestros actos está escrita en la literatura. No responde a una ética concreta ni a una religión, aunque sea coincidente con ellas en la base. Podríamos escribir un libro con las lógicas narradas y sacaríamos el manual de vida que todo el mundo quiere tener. Y no serviría del todo porque seguiríamos fallando en nuestra forma de ordenarnos porque siempre abría una nueva paradoja a la que enfrentarnos esperando a ser recogida por algún narrador, pero sí nos ayudaría a reconocer conflictos ya desentrañados.
No he podido dejar de comparar estas lecturas con lo que ocurre en nuestros días y nuestra falta de narración. ¿Cuáles son los hechos? Agamenón, padre de Electra vuelve a casa después de la guerra de Troya y es asesinado por su mujer, Clitemnestra y su amante, Egisto. Electra le da a su hermano a un ayo para que lo cuide en el exilio y concentra su vida en la venganza. Finalmente el hermano vuelve y matan a los dos, a la madre y al amante, para recuperar la dignidad de su padre y su patrimonio y así volver a ser libres, que era el estatus con el que habían nacido. Esta es la leyenda de una familia conocida de Ática, que como tal, se contaba de viva voz. La narración había surgido por el horror de la historia, matar al esposo, el matricidio y tener que vivir una caída en desgracia tan impactante. Sófocles y Eurípides deciden contar la historia para ser representada, para que unos actores imitaran a aquellos que vivieron unos hechos tan tremendos y un público asistiera directamente a la barbarie. Se trataba de que pudiera sentir la angustia y la desesperación de Electra, el miedo de Clitemnestra, la honestidad del campesino o el ayo, la prepotencia y superficialidad de Egisto, la prudencia de Crisóstemis. ¿Cómo se pueden entender unos hechos así si no se conoce a los protagonistas? Es necesario saber cuáles eran los motores de sus movimientos, cómo chocaban entre sí esas motivaciones individuales, cuáles eran los conflictos que hacían inevitable un final horrible. El espectador es capaz de sentir estas emociones y además de vivir la necesidad de conocer el final, de terminar con el conflicto, y para esa espera tiene la compañía del coro, que es humano y pide a los dioses una solución o calma a la protagonista. Pero el acto fatal no es el final de nada, es la condición de lo que vendrá detrás. No hay acto sin consecuencia. Y lo que viene detrás sigue generando otras historias, que se cuentan de otras formas y desde otros contextos, pero que siguen respodiendo a las mismas preguntas: ¿qué hace el hombre desde su humanidad?, ¿qué mundo construye?, ¿hacia dónde?, ¿qué conflictos le obligan a cometer acciones que cambian su circunstancia? No hay narración desde lo no humano.
Esta historia, el matricidio, el parricidio o la muerte del marido o la mujer o la amante, cualquier asesinato de sangre, ha entrado en nuestra actualidad no como narración, sino como anécdota, noticia repetida sin significado. ¿Quién lo entiende? No tenemos una historia narrada que ilumine las otras y nos permita entenderlas. La gente opina, cuando uno mata a su mujer es porque no quiere que sea de otro, si la pudiese maltratar hasta el final, no la asesinaría. Antes no había estos asesinatos porque la víctima no se iba. El alcohol o las drogas también están detrás de estas historias, en las que hijos matan a sus padres, por ejemplo, como si fuera factible que cualquier niño bebido o bajo el efecto de las drogas pudiera matar. Y después están los argumentos psicológicos, depresiones y demás, como si no conociéramos a tantos depresivos que nunca matarían a nadie. Y nos quedamos tranquilos. ¿Cómo comprender esto sin una narración, sin una historia que lo cuente? Estoy pensando en el descubrimiento en Madame Bovary de que el adulterio no viene de un arrebato de amor, sino del aburrimiento, que la imposibilidad de desarrollarte en tu individualidad, te genera una ansiedad, un hueco que hay que llenar con emociones que están al nivel de ese grado de deseo indefinido. La posibilidad de alterar el orden hasta llegar a la propia muerte por aburrimiento no estaba en la cabeza de nadie.
Sófocles contó la historia imaginando una Electra fuera de sí, incapaz de construir nada hasta que la venganza colocara todo en su sitio y le devolviera su espacio de libertad. Pero aunque ella se agarra a la posible coherencia de su venganza, sabe en el fondo que su conducta es fea, que la ha aprendido de su madre, que es vehemente y no puede tomar una decisión equilibrada. pero por el Coro y la acción final, lo que ha entendido de esta historia es que todo pasado tiene su futuro y que nadie puede escapar a lo que ha hecho. Eurípides, por el contrario, coloca a Electra en otra situación. No está en un escenario tan asfixiante, ella ha elegido trabajar, hacer las labores de esclavo y raparse el pelo para evitar el olvido. Su madre la ha dado a un campesino sin medios pero que procede de una familia de antiguo linaje. El campesino es honesto y la respeta y dignifica. Y su madre, Clitemnestra, no es tan evidentemente mala, justifica el asesinato de su esposo por la pérdida de la hija y está dispuesta a cuidar a Electra supuestamente recién parida, pero los hijos no caen en su discurso, no hay justificación a dejar que un amante mate al padre y se adueñe de todo. Y ocurre el mismo hecho, por cierto, en los dos casos, de forma irremediable, como si fuera la mano de los dioses que tienen que velar por cumplimiento de las leyes. Pero el final aquí concreta más la idea de que toda acción tiene sus consecuencias: Orestes y Electra tendrán que vivir en otra tierra, «habré de dejar la casa de mi padre».
Siguiendo con nuestra historia actual no contada, de la que no sabemos qué emociones tejen los conflictos, qué actos habituales llevan a romper con la armonía del cosmos, siguiendo a los griegos, las consecuencias también son curiosas: los crímenes de Electra ocurrían en una ciudad con un orden, con unas leyes para custodiar un mundo que se construía con la acción del hombre libre, capaz de actos que aumentaban la potencia de ese mundo. Los actos horribles de ahora ocurren en una sociedad que desconoce las leyes, su origen, su sentido y por supuesto la posibilidad de ser libres y construir un mundo mejor. La consecuencia es que los crímenes no trascienden más que como noticia, pertenecen a la vida privada del asesino y la víctima, pretendiendo que no tocan, que no alteran el caos admitido. Un hombre que ha matado a su mujer y su hijo puede ir una temporada a la cárcel y después cobrar la herencia familiar. Por supuesto es sólo un ejemplo de todo lo que se puede contar, hay voces que dicen que la novela ha muerto, que ya no hay nada que contar y resulta que no sabemos nada de lo que pasa a nuestro alrededor, que no tenemos historias que nos lo cuenten. Parece que sólo interesa el cómo, la forma, eso creen muchos lectores, ¿también ha desaparecido la necesidad de conocer? Faltan un escritores que nos cuenten nuestros hechos, ¿de verdad no se altera nada y existe el pasado sin futuro?, ¿de verdad las acciones no cambian nada, no tienen consecuencias? ¿De verdad hemos terminado con la literatura como narración del mundo porque ha dejado de existir el tiempo y ya no hay pasado ni futuro y claro, ni presente?
Hola,
Estoy haciendo una lectura de esto porque nos controlarán en la clase de Dramaturgia. Me sirve mucho el análusis que has hecho de las dos obras; personalmente prefiero a la de Sófocles. Me alivia saber que no soy la única preocupada por la aparente irrelevancia de la muerte en el mundo moderno. Gracias por tu artículo.
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