INTÉRPRETE DE EMOCIONES. Jhumpa Lahiri
Intérprete de Emociones
Traductor: Antonio Padilla
Editorial Bronce
La escritora Jhumpa Lahiri, nacida en Londres, de origen bengalí y afincada en Brooklyn, ganó, entre otros, el premio New Yorker al mejor primer libro publicado, por la colección de relatos, Interpreter of Maladies, Intérprete de Emociones, en la traducción al español. La revista The New Yorker me merece respeto porque, pese a ser un semanario principalmente de entretenimiento, ha marcado la pauta del cuento realista norteamericano con figuras tan significativas como Updike, Raymond Carver, Anne Beattie, J.D. Salinger y John Cheever.
El estilo New Yorker es casi tan antiguo como la propia publicación que surge en 1925 bajo la dirección de Harold Ross y cuenta con especialistas literarios exigentes que hacen del cuento el legado que nos ha dejado. William Maxwell y Gus Lobrano, responsables de las páginas literarias, marcaron las pautas de un estilo elegante, distanciado, donde no se hacen juicios de valor y se observa el mundo desde la perspectiva de un narrador que más que decir muestra, mediante imágenes y detalles, la actitud vital de los personajes, hombres y mujeres de clase media alta que sobreviven a los avatares del progreso en la ciudad de Nueva York y en los conjuntos residenciales cercanos.
Semana a semana, muchos neoyorquinos se sentían identificados con la incomunicación, la tristeza, el humor, de familias que no logran dar sentido a sus vidas y donde la paralización de los personajes retratados, constituía un revulsivo para el lector por lo que aportaba de toma de conciencia. Se le criticó la sencillez en la forma, también el que la publicación fuera de corte conservador y es cierto que la censura llamó la atención a ciertos relatos como “The Brigadier and the Golf Widow” (El Brigadier y la Viuda del Golf) de John Cheever, pidiéndole un final más esperanzado.
A día de hoy, el semanario ha asumido el entorno multicultural, las posibles variedades en el ámbito de pareja, las rupturas y el adulterio y, aunque se sigue moviendo sobre todo en el ámbito doméstico, cruza límites con imágenes que suponen todo un reto, sin necesidad de demasiada explicación. La técnica es heredada del correlato objetivo de Hemingway, quien a su vez se vió influenciado por la observación objetiva del Naturalismo y por el Nuevo Periodismo. El arte es tan visual que es fácilmente escenificable y, a menudo se ha llevado al cine.
En el caso de Lahiri encontramos los mismos ingredientes de las historias de Carver, incomunicación, soledad, tristeza, pero pese a la técnica distanciada, se da un gran paso hacia la intimidad. Las historias son novedosas, siempre tienen algo que decir. Los personajes son indo-americanos, orgullosos de vivir en Estados Unidos y a la vez conscientes de su desarraigo. La huella de su pasado hindú actúa en todo momento como referente y es a la vez el catalizador que va a transformar los argumentos.
En el relato que da nombre a la colección, la familia típica americana viaja a su país de origen, India. Se trata de un matrimonio que no tiene nada que decirse y los tres hijos son casi un estorbo en esa falta de relación. El está embebido en la guía turística y en la lente de su cámara fotográfica, en las fotos que va a hacer para luego enseñar a los amigos. Mrs. Das, su mujer, se acurruca aburrida, dolida, en un rincón del vehículo. Se pinta las uñas con el coche en marcha. Es como si viajara sola. Se siente frustrada y ni siquiera sus tres hijos la conmueven. Sólo despierta su interés el guía turístico porque es diferente, porque cualquier cosa ajena puede devolverle la vitalidad que ha perdido en tantos años de rutina y de desamor. Hay una imagen esclarecedora, la niña quiere ir al servicio, el marido protesta porque ya le tocó hacer algo por los niños el día anterior y finalmente la madre la lleva. El chófer/guía advierte que al salir de los aseos, la madre no le da la mano a la niña. Le sorprende el desapego. El detalle muestra siempre el reflejo exacto de la situación.
El guía indio se hace ilusiones, quizá la escriba, ella le ha pedido la dirección para mandarle la foto. Ambos tienen tanta hambre de comunicación que él alarga el recorrido. Cuando ella le confiesa su secreto mejor guardado, él apela a su conciencia y ella se desentiende, sin hacer frente a la situación. Una serie de imágenes corroboran la historia de la soledad inexpresada. El templo del sol, la fuerza, la vitalidad, el monasterio al que todavía pueden ir y que supone un cruce de caminos, salirse del recorrido habitual. El hindú cruzándose en la intimidad de ella, la India como oráculo y también como posible respuesta. Toda la expresión, sucinta, contenida, se acumula en el lector y adquiere la fuerza poética de lo formulado pero no dicho. Un mundo de posibilidades, una suma de interrogantes, quedan en suspenso, tan familiares a nosotros como el día a día sin respuestas, pero siempre susurrando una oportunidad, un giro.
India actúa en los cuentos como una llamada de atención y cada cuál dará a esa advertencia su respuesta particular. La suma de las historias es una amalgama de las distintas actitudes de los indo-americanos ante el mundo pero hay algo más, sugiere el referente de nuestros orígenes, de dónde todos partimos y que necesariamente tenemos que enfrentar, para asumirlo o para realizar los cambios necesarios, lo contrario supondría un falso colchón de seguridad y, a todas luces, un suicidio.
INTERPRETER OF MALADIES. LEER FRAGMENTOS
Cuando nos hablas del estilo de «The New Yorker», del de sus escritores, y de que más que relatar nos muestran (con imágenes) la actitud vital de los personajes, me he dado cuenta que esa «actitud vital» no hay que tomarla en sentido literal. Porque la incomunicación, la soledad, la tristeza, no lograr dar sentido a la vida; el aburrimiento en definitiva, son más bien una actitud mortal.
Puede que sea un alejamiento de la vida en vida, que lo mismo busca espolear la conciencia del lector. Los lectores perdidos, este lector perdido al menos, lo que quieren es la oportunidad, el giro definitivo: el de volver la mirada a la vida. O mejor, a la Vida.
¿Qué es no tomar en sentido literal esa «actitud vital»? La actitud ante la vida, puede ser mortecina o alegre, pero siempre es una actitud vital.
Estan bien estas lecciones que despachas sin pudor, Laboratorio, siempre con un tono imperativo, y siempre tan en posesión del absolutismo.
Pues no, no siempre la actitud es vital, la tuya -por poner un ejemplo cercano- siempre es corrosiva. Una pena.
No sé qué contestar. Seré absolutista, pero el que escribe como NOZ no se queda atrás con ese tono que usa.
Cómo está el patio. Yo sólo quería decir que estoy de acuerdo en que esa visión pesimista de los escritores del New Yorker ayuda a ser un poco crítico con una sociedad aparentemente perfecta. Digamos que desde allí no es tan fácil detectar en qué falla. En Estados Unidos es muy fácil encontrar ancianos, o sea, gente de esa época, que responden a clichés sin saltarse una línea. Y no han tenido grandes desgracias, pero desde luego transmiten una limitación absoluta.
Gracias, Rosa Burillo, por hacer esa referencia al New Yorker. Es una pena que en España no exista algo parecido.
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