LOS MUERTOS
Uno de los mejores relatos de la Historia de la Literatura.
Todo es muy sencillo, una fiesta, un hombre culto, la magia de la música, la emoción como un privilegio de la naturalidad y la vida como algo imposible de cercar.
Con este relato Joyce empieza a fraguar el punto de vista de su escritura, los personajes principales pertenecen a un mundo y sin embargo están suspendidos en él, algo los llama a buscar la realidad.
La intemperie aparece como el auténtico valor y para mostrarlo crea todo un juego de nieve, oscuridad, calor y velas.
De toda una galería de personajes que asisten a una fiesta de Navidad, sólo hay dos que no participan de la construcción social que allí se maneja: Lily, una especie de criada, y Grettel, la mujer del protagonista. Las dos son mujeres que representan la inocencia del pueblo, están al margen de representar un papel y están vivas o en contacto con la realidad. El resto, y en especial el protagonista, están condicionados por la pretensión de ser alguien. El borracho, representa la amenaza de quebrantar el orden, el saber estar, lo que conexiona al grupo.
Los personajes se definen por acciones pequeñas, por aspectos físicos como la forma de llevar el pelo, el gesto que se le ha quedado con los años, la manera de inclinarse o de bajar los ojos. Los diálogos entran de repente como en una fiesta cualquiera, todo se desordena, el pensamiento se ve interrumpido por el ofrecimiento de una bebida, por el saludo de un conocido por el baile… Y al mismo tiempo se cumple un protocolo que ordena la celebración, trinchar el ganso, repartir el pudín, saludar y despedir. Una fiesta es necesariamente un momento de los más vitales, sin embargo, el efecto expresivo del frío, la oscuridad y la nieve cayendo fuera, dan un aspecto fantasmal a lo que ocurre dentro.
El narrador elige una fiesta como escenario, y este escenario está elegido para colocar al personaje principal en un intermedio de su vida. La fiesta es como una tregua, un momento fuera de lo cotidiano, una situación en la que uno se vuelve ajeno a sí mismo, se viste para mostrarse, se mira para mostrarse también y puede observar como un juego y recuerda, anhela, desea, ayudado por el oporto y jerez en este caso, el tiempo se para, el futuro puede soñarse o el pasado aparece como una maldición de la que no es posible liberarse.
El protagonista, Gabriel,un personaje que poco a poco va tomando relevancia, empieza siendo el esperado de sus tías, las ancianas anfitrionas de la fiesta. Representa el saber estar, de alguna manera las ancianas delegan en él el mantenimiento del orden. Y de repente aparece un hombre consciente de su ropa, de sus frases, del impacto de sus palabras en los otros, de la inferioridad cultural del resto de los asistentes. Un hombre que vive la fiesta pensando en el discurso que tendrá que dar en lugar de atender a su tía que canta o a las conversaciones de otros asistentes. El discurso tiene como tema principal el elogio a la hospitalidad como lo mejor de la tradición irlandesa y describir a las nuevas generaciones hipereducadas como causantes de la paulatina pérdida de la humanidad y la hospitalidad. Este personaje que no quiere hacer un viaje al oeste de Irlanda, de donde es su mujer, a las raíces de su país, que prefiere recorrer el continente, es el que va a sufrir no se sabe si un cambio, o una transformación, pero sí una iluminación con respecto a sí mismo, los hechos le van a colocar ante el espejo y se va a ver tal y como es, asunto que intenta evitar en cada momento, cuando algo le parece que ha estado mal, se ajusta la corbata y el chaleco.
Gretta, su mujer, procede del oeste y representa la inocencia, la naturalidad y al mismo tiempo, los rudos modales del campo para la familia de Gabriel. Ese trato le duele, pero no lo suficiente, lo ha aceptado, ha dejado que su madre, cuidada en su enfermedad por ella, la menospreciara.
Cuando la fiesta llega a su fin, Gabriel mira hacia las escaleras y descubre una mujer bellísima, como transpuesta, que le lleva a pensar por un momento en la perfección y desde luego le despierta la pasión. Es su mujer. A partir de ese momento, el camino hasta el hotel no es más que un recuerdo de los mejores momentos de su matrimonio, un deseo de que ella olvide la aburrida existencia juntos, recuerda los versos que le ha escrito, y aquí aparece magistralmente la artificiosidad, la invención de la pasión desde el convencionalismo. Desea estar a solas con ella, una noche de pasión, pero nada ocurre como había pensado, de repente ella es alguien, el efecto de la fiesta, una canción cantada por un tenor de medio pelo la ha convertido en independiente.
Ella está en frente, y llora, él quiere mantenerse dominando el miedo ante la sorpresa de verla así, sin depender de él, con vida propia. Ella cuenta la historia del joven Michael Furey, que murió de amor, enfermo y plantado ante su ventana, al lado de un árbol, aterido de frío al enterearse de su marcha a Dublín. Gabriel se sintió humillado por el fracaso de su ironía y ante la evocación de esa figura de entre los muertos: un muchacho que trabajaba en el gas. Ella se queda dormida, después de haber estado ahogada en llanto y él piensa: mejor pasar audaz al otro mundo en el apogeo de una pasión que marchitarse consumido funestamente por la vida.
Llega el momento de mirar a poniente, el poniente representa la muerte en la cultura irlandesa, donde yace Michael Furney y la nieve sigue cayendo fuera adormeciéndolo. Aquí está el giro del relato, el personaje espera ansioso consumir una pasión creada durante la cena, su ego se había fortalecido, y de repente, la vida le presenta su faceta más penosa. La imagen del muerto es la de alguien a la intemperie, debajo de un árbol, mientras él siempre está dentro, siempre pensando en algo que puede haber fuera, mirando por la ventana.
Estimada Sra. Bardelás,
he leído con auténtica pasión su crítica de esta parte final de «Dublineses», aunque desde el principio la sabía ganada para la causa de Joyce, cuando nos dice que este es uno de los mejores relatos de la historia de la literatura.
Pero me va a permitir que me centre en la descripción que hace usted del borracho, cuando habla de los personajes; el borracho -dice usted- representa la amenaza de quebrantar el orden y el saber estar,… menos mal que mas adelante nos dice que el tiempo se para y el futuro puede soñarse con ayuda del oporto o el jerez -creo que dice textualmente-, porque efectivamente así es.
Mire usted, señora, yo he tenido, porque así lo requería -en una parte de mi vida- mi actividad profesional, que asistir a muchas presentaciones de libros, y todas ellas, de la que guardo un mas entrañable recuerdo, y porque no decirlo, emoción, fue cuando Ana María Matute al hablarnos de los personajes de «Olvidado Rey Gudú» nos dijo: «… de todos ellos yo me quedo con el Trasgo, porque es borrachín como yo …»; y yo, que en los mejores sueños me imaginaba como Predilecto y en algunas pesadillas como Gudú, me dí cuenta de la ternura que encierra esto, que lejos de restar conexión al grupo o a nuestra vida, la armoniza de un modo sublime.
Por último quiero felicitarle por su magnífica página, por su ayuda para los amantes de la literatura, esa otra que dice usted que no figura en la lista de más vendidos, ni en la mesa de novedades; pero sobre todo, por su humanidad…. aunque me ha costado leer hasta el último renglón para encontrarla en su escrito, con su «utliza» como errata, porque ¿qué obra literaria se puede llamar así si no tiene alguna?.
Un cordial saludo.
FMG.
Muchas gracias por su comentario. No hay nada más humano que la literatura, no te lleva a ningún otro sitio más que a la humanidad y sólo trata de eso porque incluso cuando el poeta habla de Dios, habla desde el hombre que siente a Dios.
Con respecto a la crítica, no puedo estar más de acuerdo. El «borracho» representa una amenaza para los muertos de la fiesta, pero si se emborracha es porque no puede participar de ese mundo tan falso, hay muchos actos que dejan claro que es el más auténtico de todos los personajes.
Espero que siga aportando su punto de vista.
Voy a leerme esta novela solo por «emily prentiss (cap 4×17)
tengo mañana examen de literatura y entre ls historias que me entran, esta es una de ellas. Su aportación me está siendo muy útil en mi estudio. Gracias!!!! 🙂
Quiero agradecerles la maravillosa edición de este relato, que he leído hace muy poco y me ha dejado maravillada. El relato me conmovió muchísimo pero el cuestionario que ustedes plantean al final, me dejó noqueada. Nuevamente gracias porque es un placer disfrutar del trabajo de personas que aman lo que hacen.
Me gustaria saber aa que ae refiere J. Joyce cuando dice que la palabra “galochas” “ galoshes” se relaciona con “Chrysty Minstrels” . Lo dice Gabriel refiriendose a su mujer Gretta.
Debe haber un juego de palabras , sonidos en ingles .
Se encuentra en “El libro de los muertos” , al principio cuando llegan a la fiesta de las hermanas Morkan.
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